The interest in BIM has grown dramatically in the AEC industry in the last few years. Many countries have now started to investigate and implement BIM. As a consequence, in the last decade, several BIM standards have been developed and others have been updated.

BIM standardisation allows for entire sectors to scale their innovations. It allows companies to provide their clients with quality BIM implementation in every phase of construction and FM.

According to Cheng and Lu (2015) the United States is believed to be one of the pioneering countries for BIM adoption. Many public sector bodies at different levels in the United States have established BIM programs, set up BIM goals and implementation roadmaps, and published BIM standards. Apart from the United States, many countries in Europe have embarked on significant BIM implementations. The United Kingdom government, for example, mandated that all UK government projects should use BIM by 2016. Although BIM adoption in the public sector came later in Asia, BIM has now developed rapidly in Asian regions. For instance, Singapore and Hong Kong have established their own BIM committees and published several BIM guidelines. The Mainland Chinese government also included BIM-related topics in the “12^th National FiveYear Plan” in 2012. In May 2013, the China Institute of Building Standard Design & Research gained recognition from the international authority of organization for BIM standardization – buildingSMART (BSA, an affiliate of American Institute of Building Sciences), and the established BSA Chinese division. Its establishment marked China’s national BIM standard system, successfully integrating it into the advanced countries’ BIM standards (Bingsheng Liu et al. 2017).

Thus, in this section, it is not the intention to exhaustively present all BIM standardisation produced worldwide but to present only the most significant standards.

Australia

Australia Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Construction Innovation released its National Guidelines for Digital Modelling (CRC-CI, 2009) in 2009 to promote the adoption of BIM technologies in the Australian building and construction industry. The guidelines provide an overview of BIM and recommendations for key areas of model creation and development, simulation, and performance measurement (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

A government-supported non-profit organization, Construction Information Systems Limited (trading name NATSPEC founded in 1975), also released its BIM guide, namely The NATSPEC National BIM Guide (NATSPEC, 2011) in 2011 that was updated in 2016. It defines uses of BIM, modelling methodology, presentation styles and deliverable requirements. In 2012, NATSPEC published a Project BIM Management Plan Template (NATSPEC, 2012) as a supplementary document to the National BIM Guide (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

Another important document is the BIM Object/Element Matrix which is a Spreadsheet/Worksheet to be used for identifying and tracking BIM information during the project. It depicts Building Information Typologies/Types, when they are relevant, and to what level of development (LOD) throughout a building lifecycle. It is an expansion of AIA Document E202 BIM Protocol Exhibit to support a greater level of understanding of BIM information use. The information is referenced by its OmniClass Table so that the correct table element can be determined.

Furthermore, NATSPEC maintains the Australian National Classification System to assist specification writers organise the content of specifications, and their users to find the information they are looking for. The system structures information in a logical and consistent way to introduce predictability from project to project. The most important documents are presented in table 2.

For example, the NATSPEC TECH report provides an overview of the use of classification systems for organising construction information for various purposes. It outlines the relationship of existing national systems, including NATSPEC, to ISO 12006-2: 2015 Organisation of information about construction works – Part 2: Framework for classification of information. It also examines the significance of classification systems for the Australian design and construction industry, particularly for digital information technologies such as Building Information Modelling (BIM).

Nordic Countries

Nordic countries have been implementing BIM in the public and private sectors for over a decade.

Finland has been researching innovation in the construction sector for many decades. Finland’s state property services agency, Senate Properties, is the largest government owned enterprise under the Finnish Ministry of Finance and has used BIM in all its projects since 2001. Senate has required the use of IFC/BIM for its projects since 2007, and published Senate Properties’ BIM Requirements for Architectural Design (Senate Properties, 2007) in the same year.

Furthermore, in 2007, the Confederation of Finnish Construction Industries began requiring that all design software packages had IFC certification (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

In 2012, with support from several construction companies, big cities and consulting companies, Senate Properties developed their BIM Requirements for Architectural Design into the Finnish National BIM Guidelines (COBIM), generating the Common BIM Requirements 2012 v1.0 (Parties to the COBIM project, 2012). The Common BIM Requirements 2012 v1.0 contains 13 series of requirements, each of which was written by a company or organization with related experience. Therefore, the requirements are very practical. Following the publication of the COBIM requirements, the Finnish Concrete Association stated in 2012 that they were preparing BIM guidelines for concrete structures (Henttinen, 2012)

Finland is also part of the BuildingSmart initiative. It aims to employ a Data Dictionary, Information Delivery Manual, Model View Definitions, and Building Collaboration Format nationally.

Sweden started the research and development programme IT in Building and Property in 1998. It focused on standardisation, research, and implementation of new technologies. With standardisation, they studied how to implement IFC into their current system.

The Swedish government started to promote BIM when the Swedish Transportation Administration (STA) stated in late 2013 that they would use BIM step by step in the next few years.

As for the BIM standards in Sweden, the non-profit organization Swedish Standards Institute (SSI) released in 2009 the Bygghanlingar 90 (BH90) (SI, 2008), which included a series, namely Digital Deliverables for Construction and Facilities Management, which was an extended CAD guideline for delivering and managing digital information within construction projects in Sweden (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

In 2014, the BIM Alliance Sweden brought the public and the private sector together. The aim is to promote and enhance construction innovation.

Additionally, the Swedish Transport Administration has mandated the use of BIM since 2015.

In Denmark, there is considerableinterest from the public sector regarding BIM.

The government of Denmark launched the Digital Construction project (Det Digitale Byggeri in Danish) in 2007, which aims to provide requirements for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) including BIM in governmental projects (Cheng et al. 2015). From this, they developed guidelines for using 3D CAD in future projects.

Since 2007 the Palaces and Properties Agency, the Danish University and Property Agency, and the Defence Construction Service have piloted BIM in their projects following the requirements set by the Digital Construction project, having a large impact on the construction market due to IFC requirements.

Bips, a private company, built on the Digital Construction project, has actively pursued R&D for BIM. They published BIM guidelines in 2006.

Commissioned by the Digital Construction project, the National Agency for Enterprise and Construction (Erhvervs – og Byggestyrelsen) released in 2007 four sets of guidelines for working with 3D CAD/BIM applications, namely 3D CAD Manual 2006, 3D Working Method 2006, 3D CAD Project Agreement 2006, and Layer and Object Structures 2006 (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

Nowadays, BIM is part of Denmark’s building regulatory laws.

Norway has a host of documents related to BIM standards. From 2008, the public sector in Norway started drafting and releasing their BIM standards. Statsbygg, a public sector administration company and the Norwegian government’s key advisor was the first to release a BIM manual in 2008 in order to describe its requirements for IFC-compatible BIM (Fatt, 2012).

In 2010, the Norwegian government stated its commitment to BIM adoption and many public sector bodies in Norway launched BIM programs to follow the government. Statens vegvesen (The General Directorate for National Roads and Highways), began developing a handbook in 2010. This V770 handbook for model output was published in 2012, and it states that all future projects need to use 3D modelling.

The Norwegian Home Builders Association released its BIM Manual version 1 in 2011 and then version 2 in 2012 (Norwegian Home Builders’ Association, 2011, Norwegian Home Builders’ Association, 2012), which summarizes a general modelling methodology of various software tools and focuses on four main areas: energy simulations, cost calculation, ventilation, and roof trusses (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

Furthermore, the BIM manual released by Statsbygg in 2008 has had several versions. The Statsbygg Building Information Modelling Manual v1.2.1 (SBM) was released in 2013 (Statsbygg, 2013) and again in 2021.

SBM is the result of government initiatives and is compulsory for state projects. It contains Statsbygg’s general requirements and discipline specific requirements for BIM in projects and facilities and is positioned to be the best practice for applying BIM in Norway in the whole AEC field.

Singapore

Singapore is a leading country for BIM adoption and standards development in Asia. Most of the BIM standards cover Modelling Methodology and Component Presentation Style and Data Organization.

In 1995, Singapore started to conduct the Construction Real Estate NETwork (CORENET) project to promote and require the use of IT and BIM for various levels of approval in the AEC industry. Later, several governmental agencies in Singapore including the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) participated in the e-submission system which requires BIM and IFC (Cheng and Lu, 2015). As a result, various BIM e-submission guidelines were prepared and released to highlight the major points of submission requirements. The first version of BIM e-Submission Guideline was developed in 2008 to support the CORENET project (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

A BIM Guide Version 1.0 and BIM Guide Version 2.0 were released by BCA in 2012 and 2013, respectively, to outline the roles and duties of project members in using BIM at different stages of a project (BCA, 2012, BCA, 2013c). In early 2010, BCA then officially released the BIM and Submission Guideline for Architectural Discipline (BCA, 2010), which describes the requirements and guides for creating specific BIM objects, associated properties and presentation styles for visual processing of many regulatory agencies. BCA also published the BIM Essential Guide (BEG) Series to provide references on good BIM practices in an illustrated format. BEG for BIM Adoption in an Organization provides a quick start guide to help an organization to start its BIM adoption journey (BCA, 2013a). BEG for BIM Execution Plan contains details about BIM deliverables and processes. For different disciplines, specified BEGs were also created (BCA, 2013b)

United States

The United States is the country which has developed the greatest number of initiatives related with BIM and where the implementation has had a huge increase in the last two decades.

There is a significant number of organisations and universities that have published standards and guides. Thus, the production of BIM standards is very widespread and there is a huge number of guides and recommendations for the implementation of BIM published by different organisations.

The United States General Services Administration (GSA) builds and manages federal buildings and is the largest public building owner in the United States. In 2007, GSA set a goal to require IFC BIMs on projects for improving design quality and construction delivery.

In 2007, the United States General Services Administration (GSA) set a goal to require IFC BIMs on FY07 projects for improving design quality and construction delivery. It was the first time that an organization at a project level had made such a public and ground breaking statement (Hagan et al., 2009). With support from industry technology leaders, the GSA BIM team drafted eight BIM Guide Series 01 to 08 over the past decade.

In 2007, the National Institute for Building Sciences (NIBS) established the NBIMS-US^TM project committee to develop the national BIM standards and to discuss the possibility of incorporating BIM into college curricula. NIBS published National Building Information Modelling Standard (NBIMS-US^TM) Version 1.0 – Part 1: Overview, Principles, and Methodologies (NIST, 2007b) in 2007 and NBIMS-US^TM Version 2.0 in 2012 (NIST, 2012). NBIMS V1-P1 is a conceptual description of the overall standard, the methodologies of development, and the intended use (Bazjanac, 2008). NBIMS V2 is a more technical standard and includes three types of contents – Guidelines and Applications, Information Exchange Standards, and Reference Standards (Cheng and Lu, 2015)

In early 2014, NIBS presented its first course – “The Introduction to COBie” – on the Institute’s newly launched Building Sciences Online Academy (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

In order to provide guidance to the construction industry on how to use BIM and other digital data, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) published its first Digital Data documents in 2007. It contains two files, AIA Document E201™ – 2007 Digital Data Protocol Exhibit (AIA, 2007b) and C106™–2007 Digital Data Licensing Agreement (AIA, 2007a). In conformity with the increasing use of BIM, the AIA released AIA Document E202™– 2008 Building Information Modelling Protocol Exhibit (AIA, 2008) in 2008 to establish five levels of development (LoD) requirements and applications of BIM. In 2013, the AIA updated its Digital Practice documents which includes AIA Document E203™–2013, Building Information Modelling and Digital Data Exhibit (AIA, 2013a); AIA Document G201™–2013, Project Digital Data Protocol Form (AIA, 2013b); and AIA Document G202™–2013, Project Building Information Modelling Protocol Form (AIA, 2013c). In the meantime, AIA also published Guide, Instructions and Commentary regarding the 2013 AIA Digital Practice Documents (AIA, 2013d) to provide a guide on how to use these documents (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and two other non-profit organizations, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Association of General Contractors (AGC), also published BIM guidelines individually. In 2010, AGC released the second edition of the BIM Guide (AGC, 2010). BIMForum, a forum of AGC which focused on the utilization of virtual design and construction in the AEC industry, released its first BIM standard in 2013, known as Level of Development Specification (Cheng and Lu, 2015). The LOD specifications were developed under an agreement with AIA and utilized the fundamental LOD definitions of AIA Document G202-2013 Building Document Information Modelling Protocol Form (AIA, 2013c).

Besides the state-wide efforts for BIM adoption, some city governments in the United States also participated in drafting and publishing BIM guidelines for public use in the past years. For example, New York City (NYC) is active in BIM adoption and the NYC Department of Design and Construction (DDC) published a city-wide BIM Guide in July 2012 (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

Even public universities have published their own BIM Standards starting in 2009. For example, as a buildingSMART project, the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) has published several BIM standards since 2009. PSU has drafted several versions of BIM Project Execution Planning Guide (BIM PEP Guide) (Computer Integrated Construction Research Program, 2009) and released BIM PEP Guide version 2.1 officially in May 2011 (Computer Integrated Construction Research Program, 2011). The BIM PEP Guide can be considered as a strategic guide and provides a practical methodology for project teams to design BIM strategies and develop their own BIM PEP (Cheng and Lu, 2015).

buildingSMART is a not-for-profit organization and is the worldwide authority driving the digital transformation of the built asset environment, through the creation and adoption of open, international standards for infrastructure and buildings.

buildingSMART is the international authority for a set of standards known as the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) which deal with process, data, terms and change management for the specification, management and effective utilization assets in the built asset industry. buildingSMART Compliance provides guidance and governance for certification of software, people, and organizations through compliance training and testing.

buildingSMART standards cover a wide range of process and information capabilities unique to the built environment industry, including:

• An industry-specific data model schema – Industry Foundation Classes [IFC];
• A methodology for defining and documenting business processes and data requirements – Information Delivery Manual [IDM];
• Data model exchange specifications – Model View Definitions [MVD];
• Model-based, software-independent communication protocols – BIM Collaboration Format [BCF];
• A standard library of general definitions of BIM objects and their attributes – buildingSMART Data Dictionary [bSDD].

More information about buildingSMART can be found in the link: https://www.buildingsmart.org/

United Kingdom

For the public sector in the United Kingdom, the Construction Industry Council (CIC) and BIM Task Group co-produced some BIM guidelines in response to the United Kingdom government’s 2016 goals. With the technical support and leadership of the BIM Task Group, CIC drafted two BIM documents in 2013 (Cheng and Lu, 2015). The first one, namely BIM Protocol v1, identifies BIM requirements that project teams should meet for all common construction contracts (CIC, 2013b). The second one, namely the Best Practice Guide for Professional Indemnity Insurance When Using BIMs v1, summarizes the key risks that professional indemnity insurers would encounter in BIM projects (CIC, 2013a). Other non-profit organizations in the United Kingdom such as the British Standards Institution (BSI) and the AEC-UK Committee released BIM standards. The BSI B/555 committee has released several standards for digital definition and exchange of life cycle information within the construction industry since 2007.

The AEC-UK Initiative was formed in 2000 to improve the process of design information production, management and exchange. Initially the initiative addressed CAD layering conventions as the primary concern for users of design data. As design needs and technology have developed, the initiative has expanded to cover other aspects of design data production and information exchange. The committee was re-formed in 2009, including new members from companies and consultancies highly experienced in BIM software and implementation, to address the growing need within the UK AEC industry for the application of UK standards in a unified, practical & pragmatic manner within a design environment. The AEC (UK) BIM Protocol was the first version of the BIM Standard (AEC-UK, 2009) in 2009 and then the BIM Protocol version 2.0 (AEC-UK, 2012c) in 2012. The updated version collates the learning and experience gained since then. This generic document provides platform-independent protocols which are further enhanced by the software specific supplements. Since 2012, the AEC-UK Committee has explored the BIM Protocol for different software platforms, including Autodesk Revit (AEC-UK, 2012a), Bentley AECOsim Building Designer (AEC-UK, 2012b) and Graphisoft ArchiCAD (AEC-UK, 2013).

ISO

ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of 165 national standards bodies. Through its members, it brings together experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based, market relevant International Standards that support innovation and provide solutions to global challenges.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published the first global Building Information Modelling (BIM) standards ISO 19650-1:2018 published in December 2018.

The new standards include ISO 19650-1:2018 “Part 1: Concepts and principles”; ISO 19650-2:2018 “Part 2: Delivery phase of the assets” and ISO 19650-3:2020 “Part 3: Operational phase of the assets”.

This document outlines the concepts and principles for information management at a stage of maturity described as “building information modelling (BIM) according to the ISO 19650 series”. In addition, it specifies requirements for information management, in the form of a management process, within the context of the delivery phase of assets and the exchanges of information within it, using building information modelling.

The standards, according to the ISO, will provide the necessary framework to help designers and contractors from different countries collaborate more efficiently in all phases of construction projects and will encourage BIM’s wider use.

ISO 19650 is based on British standard BS 1192 and public standard PAS 1192-1, which the ISO said has helped reduce user construction costs by 22%.

Table 2 – A resume of International BIM Standards

Country	Organization	Standard Name	Publication Data/Last Update
Australia	NATSPEC	National Worksection Matrix	2021
		National Classification System	2021
		TECH report TR 02 – Information classification systems and the Australian construction industry	2021
		TECHnote GEN 015 Using the NATSPEC classification system to organise information	2021
		National BIM Guide	2011 reviewed in 2016
		BIM Reference Schedule	2011
		BIM Object/Element Matrix	2011
		Management Template V1.0	2012
Denmark	Byggestyrelsen	3D CAD Manual 2006	2006
Finland	buildingSmart Finland/ Senate Properties	Common BIM Requirement (COBIM) V1	2012
Norway	Statsbygg	Statsbygg Building Information Modeling Manual v1.2	2011
		BIM Manual v1.2.1	2013
	Norwegian Home Builders’ Association	BIM Manual v1	2011
Singapore	BCA	BIM e-Submission Guideline for Architectural Discipline v3.0	2008
		BIM e-Submission Guideline for Architectural Discipline v3.5	2010
		[Singapore, BCA] BIM e-Submission Guideline Structural v2.1	2011
		BIM e-Submission MEP v3
		BEG for: BIM Adoption in an Organization; BIM Execution Plan; Architectural Consultants; Contractors; CS Consultants; MEP Consultants	2012
		BIM Guide v1.0	2012
		BIM Guide v2.0	2013
United Kingdom	AEC	BIM Standard v1.0	2009
		Building Protocols	2012
	BSI/CPIC	Building Information Management – A Standard Framework and Guide to BS 1192	2010
	CIC	Building Information Model (BIM) Protocol v1	2013
		Best Practice Guide for Professional Indemnity Insurance When Using BIMs v1	2013
		Outline Scope of Services for the Role of Information Management v1
	BSI	PAS 1192-2: 2013	2013
		PAS 1192-3: 2014; BS 1192-4: 2014	2014
United States of America	National Institute of Building Science (NIBS)- buildingSMART alliance (bSa)	National BIM Standars (NBIMS)	2012
	American Institute of Architects (AIA) contact documents	E201™–2007, Digital Data Protocol Exhibit	2007
		E202-2008 BIM Protocol Exbit	2008
		E203™–2013, BIM and Digital Data Exhibit	2013
	New York City Department of Design Cosbtruction	BIM Guidelines	2012
	United States Department of Veterans Affaires (VA)	The VA BIM Guide	2010
	United States General Services Administration (GSA) United States General Services Administration (GSA)	National 3D-4D Building information Program BIM Guide Series 01 v0.6	2007
		BIM Guide Series 02 v2.0	2015
	PSU	BIM Project Execution Planning (PEP) Guide v2.0	2010
		BIM Planning Guide for Facility Owners v2.0 ; The Uses of BIM v0.9	2013
	AGC, BIMForum	Level of Development Specification v2020	2020

References:

AEC-UK (2009). AEC (UK) BIM Standard Version 1.0, ACE-UK Committee.

AEC-UK (2012a). AEC (UK) BIM Protocol for Autodesk Revit Version 2.0, ACE-UK Committee.

AEC-UK (2012b). AEC (UK) BIM Protocol for Bentley AECOsim Building Designer Version 2.0, ACE-UK Committee.

AEC-UK (2012c). AEC (UK) BIM Protocol Version 2.0, ACE-UK Committee. AEC-UK (2013). AEC (UK) BIM Protocol for Graphisoft ArchiCAD Version 1.0, ACE-UK Committee.

AGC (2010). The Contractor’s Guide to BIM Edition 2, Arlington, VA 22201, the Association General Contractors of America.

AIA (2007a). AIA Document C106™–2007 Digital Data Licensing Agreement, Washington, DC 20006-5292, the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

AIA (2007b). AIA Document E201™–2007, Digital Data Protocol Exhibit, Washington, DC 20006-5292, the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

AIA (2008). AIA Document E202-2008 building information modeling protocol exhibit, Washington, DC 20006- 5292, the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

AIA (2013a). AIA Document E203™–2013, Building Information Modeling and Digital Data Exhibit, Washington, DC 20006-5292, the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

AIA (2013b). AIA Document G201™–2013, Project Digital Data Protocol Form, Washington, DC 20006-5292, the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

AIA (2013c). AIA Document G202™–2013, Project Building Information Modeling Protocol Form, Washington, DC 20006-5292, the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

AIA (2013d). Guide, Instructions and Commentary to the 2013 AIA Digital Practice Documents, Washington, DC 20006-5292, the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

BCA (2010). BIM e-Submission Guideline for Architectural Displine v3.5, MND Complex Singapore 069110, Building and Construction Authority.

BCA (2012). Sigapore BIM Guide Version 1.0, MND Complex Singapore 069110, Building and Construction Authority.

BCA (2013a). BIM Essential Guide for BIM Adoption in an Organization, MND Complex Singapore 069110, Building and Construction Authority.

BCA (2013b). BIM Essential Guide for MEP Consultants, MND Complex Singapore 069110, Building and Construction Authority.

BCA (2013c). Sigapore BIM Guide Version 2.0, MND Complex Singapore 069110, Building and Construction Authority.

Bingsheng Liu, Min Wang, Yutao Zhang, Rui Liu, Anmin Wang, (2017), Review and Prospect of BIM Policy in China, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 245 (2017) 022021 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/245/2/022021

BSI (2010). Building Information Management – A Standard Framework and Guide to BS 1192, London W4 4AL, British Standards Institution.

BSI (2013). PAS 1192-2:2013 Specification for information management for the capital&delivery phase of construction projects using BIM, London W4 4AL, British Standards Institution.

BSI (2014). PAS 1192-3: 2014 Specification management for the operational phase of assets using building information modelling, London W4 4AL, British Standards Institution

CIC (2013a). Best Practice Guide for Professional Indemnity Insurance When Using Building Information Models first edition, London WC1E 7BT, Construction Industry Council.

CIC (2013b). Building Information Model (BIM) Protocol v1, London WC1E 7BT, Construction Industry Council.

CRC-CI (2009). National Guidelines for Digital Modelling, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia, Cooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation.

Hagan S., Ho P. and Matta H. (2009). BIM: the GSA story, Journal of Building Information Modeling. Spring 2009 ed. Washington: Matrix Group Publishing Inc.

Henttinen T. (2012). COBIM 2012 COMMON BIM Requirements. Finland: Gravicon Oy

Jack C.P. Cheng, Qiqi Lu (2015). A review of the efforts and roles of the public sector for BIM adoption worldwide. Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), Vol. 20, pg. 442-478, http://www.itcon.org/2015/27

NATSPEC (2011). NATSPEC National BIM Guide v1.0, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2000, Construction Information Systems Limited.

NATSPEC (2012). NATSPEC BIM Management Plan Template v1.0, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2000, Construction Information Systems Limited.

NBS (2015). NBS National BIM Report 2015. the UK: National Building Specification (NBS), RIBA Enterprises Ltd.

NIST (2007a). General Buildings Information Handover Guide Principles, Methodology and Case Studies, Department of Commerce, U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

NIST (2007b). National Building Information Modeling Standard Version 1 – Part 1: Overview, Principles, and Methodologies, Washington, DC 20005, National Institute of Building Science.

NIST (2012). National Building Information Modeling Standard Version 2, Washington, DC 20005, US National Institute of Building Science.

Norwegian Home Builders’ Association (2011). Norwegian Home Builders’ BIM manual Version 1.0, Norway, Norwegian Home Builders’ Association.

Norwegian Home Builders’ Association (2012). Norwegian Home Builders’ BIM manual Version 2.0, Norway, Norwegian Home Builders’ Association.

Senate Properties (2007). Senate Properties’ BIM Requirements for Architectural Design, 00531 Helsinki, Finland, Senate Properties.

Statsbygg (2013). Statsbygg Building Information Modelling Manual v1.2.1, 0032 Oslo, Norway, Statsbygg.